Immune System and Tattoos: The Hidden Battle Beneath Your Skin

Your tattoos are inside your immune system, literally. With each very tasteful piece of art, you kickstart a drama with millions of deaths, grand sacrifices and your immune system stepping in to protect you from yourself. Let's give you a tattoo and zoom in to see what happens inside your skin. The conveyor belt of death. Your skin has to solve a huge problem. Its your largest organ and has the most direct contact with the world around you. Trillions of microbes, dirt, insects and vermin cant be allowed to get inside you, but your skin is also constantly damaged by you moving through the world. Your body solved this by making your skin a conveyor belt of death. All the skin you see is actually dead stuff. The alive part of your skin cells begins around 1 mm deep in the skin.

Process of Skin Cell Replacement

Industrial complex stem cells constantly clone themselves. Cells producing new skin cells that begin a journey from the inside to the outside. Each new generation pushes the older ones further up. As your skin cells mature, they interlock with each other and produce lamellar bodies, tiny bags that squirt out fat to create a waterproof coat that closes any gaps between them. And then they dry out and kill themselves, merging together into inseparable lumps. This wall of dead corpses is consistently pushed upwards. Up to 50 layers of dead cells cover your whole body and are constantly replaced by new cells moving up every hour. You shed around 200 million dead skin cells and all the dirt or bacteria that are stuck to them. Tattooing this part of your skin would be useless as nothing would stick around. We need to go deeper when the fleshy world explodes.

Tattooing Process and Dermis Involvement

Below the conveyor belt of death lies the dermis. It's full of structural tissue and cells, tiny blood vessels, sensory cells that report to nerve endings, the roots of your hairs, sweat glands regulating your temperature, and of course, loads of immune cells guarding your flesh. Right below the moving border wall, this region and below is where your new tattoo will go. Okay, ready? The world explodes. Half a dozen monoliths the size of skyscrapers slam through the 50 layers of dead cells deep into the dermis, ripping huge holes into the skin, only to retreat and smash through the tissue again. About twice a second, tens of thousands of cells are violently killed right away, ripped into pieces or damaged beyond repair. Luckily, you did your research and chose a responsible tattoo artist who properly disinfected their tools and your skin. But you only ever get 99.9% of all bacteria. And some of the survivors made it into your flesh, to put it mildly.

Immune System Response to Tattooing

Your immune system is not amused at all. All the death and destruction wakes up hundreds of thousands of macrophages in your dermis that rush into the open wounds to defend you. Immediately they start killing bacteria, release chemicals that call for reinforcements, and order your blood vessels to open up and make your dermis swell up with fluid. But worse than the hundreds of wounds and a few invaders, is the tidal wave of chemicals that floods your tissue. Tattoo ink can be made from hundreds of substances. Some may even be toxic or carcinogenic. Most are from heavy metals like lead, nickel, or chromium dissolved in distilled water. The battlefield is now a wild mix of dead cell parts. A few panicked bacteria, blood and bodily fluids, platelet cells trying to close wounds, more and more fresh immune cells, and the flood of tattoo ink. On the scale of your cells, clumps of ink particles are huge. If you were the size of a cell, they'd range from big dogs to small office buildings. Your immune system has one main job, identify what is not you and smash it until it's dead. The macrophages are desperately trying to do that. Like tiny octopuses, they extend arm like structures and begin pulling the ink particles inside. Usually when a macrophage has eaten an enemy, it showers it in acid to dissolve it.

Immune System's Strategy to Contain Tattoo Ink

But this doesnt work with the ink. They try and try, but nothing works. The particles dont react in any way. And this is just the particles small enough to be devoured by now the larger chunks are surrounded by thousands of your structural skin cells and macrophages that are nomming on them, bathing them in acid, and attack chemicals, trying to destroy and kill them. But they're not moving even a tiny bit. Nothing works. Finally, your immune system has to concede it will not win this fight. So it does the next best thing, not lose. Your cells don't know how dangerous these metals and chemicals are, but they can at least not let them spread around. So they just stay in place. They vacuum up all the particles they can fit into their bodies and surround the larger ones, trapping them in the only prison they can build themselves. Bit by bit, the ink inside thousands of tiny wounds moves inside millions of immune cells that freeze in place forever.

Tattoo Healing and Ink Containment

On the outside, you don't notice any of this. Your new tatoo is fresh and the colors vibrant. Your skin hurts and is irritated and swollen, but wounds heal. Tiny holes close. Dead cells are replaced bit by bit. The conveyor belt of death does its job, shedding dead cells ripe in color, replacing them with fresh and clean ones. Your tattoo becomes a little less vibrant. Now the ink is nothing longer on your skin, but inside it. But what you're really seeing is millions of your macrophages sitting in your dermis, patiently holding the ink in place, protecting your body from poison. 

Tattoo Fading and Ink Migration

Your tattoo is forever. Actually, nothing is forever. Over time, your macrophages get old and die, and new ones come in to gobble up the ink and keep it in place. But sometimes a tiny bit of ink escapes. Most of it is recaptured and locked in place, but not always the exact same place. You notice that as your tattoo fades out a bit and turns less sharp and crisp at its edges, some of the ink escapes the tattoo entirely. It rides fluids flowing from your tissue and spreads around your body, another reason why tattoo ink should ideally not be poison. Your immune system also kind of doesnt want you to remove tattoos to do that. Usually the ink is shot at with lasers, which heats up particles until they break into smaller chunks, cooking your brave macrophages in the process. Most of it is recaptured and locked in place, but not always the exact same place. You notice that as your tattoo fades out a bit and turns less sharp and crisp at its edges, some of the ink escapes the tattoo entirely. It rides fluids flowing from your tissue and spreads around your body, another reason why tattoo ink should ideally not be poison. Your immune system also kind of doesnt want you to remove tattoos to do that. Usually the ink is shot at with lasers, which heats up particles until they break into smaller chunks, cooking your brave macrophages in the process. With every round of lasering, more of your tattoo is broken down and carried away by fluids, but also every time new macrophages rush into the tattoo to lock the ink in place. So like, hmm, maybe think about it carefully before you get the name of your new bay tattooed. But you do you. if you got one, you can directly see your immune system protecting you. This is how much your body loves you, which is kind of sweet.

Conclusion 

And while tattoos are probably not that big of a deal for your body, if applied correctly, you now know about the struggle going on inside your skin and the sacrifice of your macrophage buddies only for you to have that art forever. To appreciate your amazing immune system, you have to know about it first. And the same goes for anything going on in our universe. To help you with that, we've created a series of lessons to take your scientific knowledge to the next level. These lessons let you further explore the topics in our most popular articles. From rabies and mammalian metabolism to climate science and supernovae, factstrap has thousands of lessons to explore :)